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There is some evidence of temple buildings used as cult sites in Germanic paganism. Typically, rites and sacrifice of Norse paganism appear to have taken place either outdoors or in a chieftain's hall (Old Norse ''hof'') rather than in dedicated buildings.〔 Limited archaeological evidence exists in support of dedicated cult buildings; most notably, the Uppåkra cult house (''kulthuset'') discovered in 2000 according to Lars Larsson (2007) represents "the first Scandinavian building for which the term 'temple' can be justly claimed".〔Lars Larsson, ("The Iron Age ritual building at Uppåkra, southern Sweden," ) ''Antiquity'' 81 (2007), 11-25, pp. 14-15.〕 In historiographical record, there are references to pagan temples in Viking Age Scandinavia, most notably the Temple at Uppsala described by Adam of Bremen in the 11th century. ==Terminology== Old Norse makes a distinction between ''hof'' "temple", the term for a sanctuary with a roof, and ''hörgr'' "altar", the term for any roof-less cult site.〔 Other terms for cult sites include ''lundr'', ''vangr'', and ''vin'', and ''vé''. ''Hof'' is the dominant word for a temple in the Icelandic sagas, but is rare in skaldic poetry;〔E.O.G. Turville-Petre, ''Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia'', London: Weidenfeld, 1964, , pp. 237, 243, 240.〕 it could refer to any great hall in a rural settlement, where the head of the greater household would reside and also hold sacrifices (''blótar'') and feasts; the derived word ''hof'' (definite ''hofið'') in Modern Icelandic has become the generic word for "temple". Etymologically, the Old Norse word ''hof'' is descended from a Proto-Germanic '' *hufan'' "hill; house, roofed hall",〔apparently from a PIE root '' *ḱew-p-'' "to curve, vault" in reference to the crest of a hill and by extension the gable of a roof (c.f. Greek κύπτω "to bend", κύπελλον "big-bellied drinking vessel"). Pokorny (1959) s.v. ("2. keu-, keu̯ə" ) groups this with the better attested ''-b-'' extension, '' *ḱew-b-'', which gave rise Germanic ''hup-'', reflected in ''heap'', ''hoop'' ''hip''.〕 which also resulted in West Germanic (Old English, Old High German, Old Saxon) ''hof'' "house, hall, dwelling" (Modern English preserves the word in the diminutive ''hovel''). Use of ''hof'' for "temple" persist particularly in the Old West Norse areal (Norway and Sweden), while ''vé'' "sanctuary" is more prevalent in Danish toponymy. Use of ''hof'' in the context of ritual or worship is very frequent in Old Norse literature, but there are also instances retaining the generic meaning of "hall". The ''Ynglinga saga'', describing the euhemeristic origin of the Aesir as cheftains and priests from ''Asia'' describes the original ''Ásgarð'' as ''blótstaðr mikill'' "a great place of sacrifice" where twelve temple-priests (''hof-goðar'') would both direct the sacrifices act as judges.〔:''Þat var þar siðr, at tólf hof-goðar váru œztir; skyldu þeir ráða fyrir blótum ok dómum manna í milli.'' ((ed. N. Linder, H. A. Haggson, 1869-1872 ))〕 The meaning of "(royal) court" is late, recorded only from the 14th century, and reflects Middle High German usage.〔"Hof", Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson, ''An Icelandic-English Dictionary'', 2nd ed. with supplement by William A. Craigie, Oxford: Clarendon-Oxford University, 1957, repr. 1975, ISBN 9780198631033, pp. 277–78.〕 Jacob Grimm noted that there is also occasional usage of ''hof'' in the sense of "temple, temple-yard" in Middle High German.〔in the expression ''ze hove'', glossed ''in atrium templi''; Jacob Grimm tr. James Steven Stallybrass, ''Teutonic Mythology'', London: Bell, 1883, repr. New York: Dover, 1966, 2004, ISBN 9780486435497, (p. 1308 ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Temple (Germanic paganism)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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